Sunday, December 29, 2019

Requisitos y consecuencias de la bancarrota en EEUU

La bancarrota es una segunda oportunidad que brinda la ley a las personas o empresas que no pueden pagar sus deudas mediante la eliminacià ³n o reestructuracià ³n del pago de las mismas. En EE.UU., puede solicitar la bancarrota cualquier persona sin importar su estatus migratorio. Puede hacerlo individualmente o, si està ¡ casada, conjuntamente con su cà ³nyuge. Ademà ¡s, tambià ©n pueden solicitar la bancarrota sociedades y corporaciones. Puntos clave: La bancarrota en EE.UU. Pueden declararse en bancarrota personas fà ­sicas, matrimonios y empresas.En EE.UU. hay cuatro tipo de bancarrotas: capà ­tulo 7, 11, 12, 13; cada una con sus requisitos y consecuencias.El listado de bienes excluidos —y, por lo tanto, protegidos— ante los acreedores y que los deudores pueden conservar varà ­a de estado a estado.La bancarrota no elimina todo tipo de deudas.A partir del 15 de octubre de 2019, la bancarrota puede tener graves consecuencias migratorias. Inicio del trà ¡mite y tipos de bancarrota En el caso de persona individual o matrimonio, antes de iniciar el proceso deberà ¡ recibir una sesià ³n informativa de crà ©dito (credit briefing) de una agencia autorizada, la cual puede ser presencial, por Internet o por telà ©fono. A continuacià ³n, el deudor deberà ¡ elegir quà © tipo de bancarrota le conviene mà ¡s entre los cuatro tipos posibles: Capà ­tulo 7 Es el tipo de bancarrota mà ¡s frecuente y el preferido en los casos en los que el deudor no tiene mucho patrimonio. En ella, el deudor conserva todos los bienes considerados legalmente exentos (segà ºn las leyes del estado). El resto, si lo hubiera, pasa a ser controlado por un administrador, quien procederà ¡ a venderlos para pagar a los acreedores en un orden previamente establecido en la ley. Capà ­tulo 13 Pueden solicitarla las personas con ingresos fijos y cuya deuda asegurada con una garantà ­a colateral no excede $1.184.200 y la no asegurada es menos de $394.725. El deudor conserva sus propiedades y se compromete a entregar a un administrador pagos con cargo a sus ingresos futuros por un periodo entre tres y cinco aà ±os. Capà ­tulo 11 Es solicitada principalmente por empresas, aunque tambià ©n pueden acogerse a la misma las personas individuales con una deuda que excede los là ­mites que aplican en la bancarrota capà ­tulo 13. Capà ­tulo 12 Este tipo de bancarrota aplica a las familias que poseen una granja o una explotacià ³n agrà ­cola. Proceso Tanto en el capà ­tulo 7 como en el 13, que son los mà ¡s comunes para personas individuales y matrimonios, es necesario completar todos los formularios que correspondan, los cuales requieren la siguiente informacià ³n: listado total de bieneslistado de bienes excluidos, segà ºn la leylistado de deudasdeclaracià ³n sobre la situacià ³n financieraingresos que se esperan para el futuroidentificacià ³n de acreedores con sus direcciones La solicitud se presenta en la corte de bancarrota del lugar de residencia, pagà ¡ndose la cuota correspondiente. En el caso de individuos o matrimonios, deberà ¡n presentarse en corte una vez junto con la persona que se designe como administrador (trustee, en inglà ©s) y los acreedores que asà ­ decidan hacerlo. Bienes no incluidos en bancarrota y bienes exentos El deudor individual o matrimonio que se declara en bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 o 13 puede conservar sus ingresos relacionados con su jubilacià ³n, como pensià ³n del Seguro Social, 401(k), IRA, etc. Sin embargo, en algunos casos se pueden establecer là ­mites mà ¡ximos. Ademà ¡s, puede conservar lo que se denomina como bienes exentos. En 34 estados deberà ¡ seguirse la lista del estado . En los 16 restantes, el solicitante de la bancarrota puede optar entre el listado de bienes exentos federal del Tà ­tulo 11 del Cà ³digo de los Estados Unidos o el del estado. Dichos estados son Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nuevo Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Washington y Wisconsin. Lo mismo sucede en Washington D.C. Segà ºn la ley federal son bienes exentos para el caso de bancarrotas solicitadas por una persona, entre otros, los siguientes: Vivienda: $25.150 en patrimonio neto (equity).Auto: $4.000Joyas: $1.700Artà ­culos del hogar: $13.400 en su totalidad, incluyendo ropa, electrodomà ©sticos, animales, instrumentos musicales, libros, etc.Herramientas de trabajo: $2.525Dividendos o intereses generados por una pà ³liza de seguro de vida: $13.400 Si la bancarrota la solicita conjuntamente un matrimonio, dichas cantidades, que aplican desde el 1 de abril de 2019, se doblan, excepto la del concepto de vivienda.  ¿Quà © se conserva despuà ©s de la bancarrota? La persona que se declara en bancarrota podrà ­a conservar bienes mà ¡s allà ¡ de los relacionados con la jubilacià ³n o con los bienes excluidos. Vivienda En el caso del capà ­tulo 7, se puede conservar la vivienda si el equity està ¡ comprendido entre los bienes exentos y si, al mismo tiempo, el deudor realiza los pagos de la hipoteca que tiene pendientes. Si despuà ©s de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota deja de pagarse la cuota hipotecaria, el banco conserva el derecho a tomar posesià ³n de la vivienda, aunque no podrà ¡ exigirle al deudor el pago de la hipoteca pendiente. Ademà ¡s, si se deja de pagar la cuota de la hipoteca, el banco conserva derechos sobre los bienes que se brindaron como garantà ­a para la hipoteca (lien, en inglà ©s). En el caso de bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, el deudor puede conservar la vivienda principal aunque el patrimonio neto sea superior a lo que se puede incluir como bienes exentos. Si no està ¡ al corriente en el pago de las cuotas hipotecarias, deberà ¡ hacerlo antes de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota y, posteriormente, pagar las nuevas cuotas que se acuerden en dicha declaracià ³n, que suelen ser inferiores a las iniciales. Sin embargo, el deudor no siempre podrà ¡ conservar su segunda vivienda. Vehà ­culo de motor En la bancarrota capà ­tulo 7, el deudor que està ¡ al dà ­a en el pago de sus cuotas puede quedarse con su auto si el equity es igual o inferior a lo autorizado en su lugar de residencia como bien exento para esta categorà ­a y, ademà ¡s, continà ºa pagando las cuotas del prà ©stamo de compra. En la bancarrota tipo capà ­tulo 13, el deudor puede conservar su auto pero debe pagar las cuotas del prà ©stamo que està ©n pendientes, segà ºn el plan de pago que se apruebe al declararse la bancarrota. Consecuencias para el crà ©dito de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota La bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 se verà ¡ reflejada en el historial crediticio del deudor por siete aà ±os. En el caso de bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, lo serà ¡ por 10 aà ±os.  ¿Cuà ¡ndo se eliminan las deudas? En la bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 las deudas se eliminan (discharged, en inglà ©s) entre tres y seis meses despuà ©s del inicio del trà ¡mite. Esto quiere decir que no se le podrà ¡n exigir dichas deudas y el deudor no es responsable de su pago. En la bancarrota capà ­tulo 13 las deudas se borran cuando el deudor cumple con su plan de pago, que puede extenderse por tres o cinco aà ±os. Una vez que se ha cumplido dicho plan de pago, el resto de la deuda pendiente se borra y el deudor ya no es responsable. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que algunas deudas nunca se eliminan. Deudas que se eliminan con declaracià ³n de bancarrota Despuà ©s de bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 o capà ­tulo 13, se eliminan los siguientes tipos de deuda: tarjetas de crà ©ditoprà ©stamos personalescontratos o leasesfacturas mà ©dicasla mayorà ­a de las deudas que tienen su origen en accidentes de autodeudas originadas en juicios en las que el deudor es el demandadopagarà ©s Deudas que son perdonadas en bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, pero no en capà ­tulo 7 deudas por acuerdo de divorciopagos a coop o condoprà ©stamos aceptados para pagar una deuda ocasionada por un impuestoprà ©stamos que se tomaron con cargo a un plan de pensionestodas las deudas que no fueron perdonadas en una declaracià ³n anterior de bancarrota Deudas que No son perdonadas ni en la bancarrota capà ­tulo 7 ni 13 pensià ³n de alimentos (child support) y manutencià ³n de cà ³nyuge (alimony)multas fruto de haber cometido un hecho delictivocasi todas las deudas por impago de impuestostodo lo que se deba por haber causado daà ±o o muerte al manejar bajo la influencia del alcohol En el caso de bancarrota capà ­tulo 7, esas deudas deben ser pagadas aà ºn despuà ©s de la declaracià ³n de bancarrota. En los casos de bancarrota capà ­tulo 13, todas esas deudas se pagarà ¡n completamente durante el periodo de tres o cinco aà ±os de pago de deuda que acuerda el administrador de la bancarrota. Deudas que no suelen ser perdonadas Los prà ©stamos de estudiantes deben pagarse a menos que el deudor convenza a la corte de que realmente no puede pagarlos. Por otro lado, las deudas por impago de la declaracià ³n de impuestos (tax returns) podrà ­an ser perdonadas si se cumplen requisitos legales muy estrictos. Deudas que solo son perdonadas si el acreedor està ¡ de acuerdo deudas fraudulentasdeudas de acreedores no listados en la solicitud de bancarrotadeudas por compras por mà ¡s de $750 realizadas en los 90 dà ­as siguientes a solicitar la bancarrotadeudas por prà ©stamos de dinero de mà ¡s de $1.000 realizados en los 70 dà ­as posteriores a la solicitud de bancarrota. Efectos migratorios de declararse en bancarrota Cualquier persona puede solicitar una declaracià ³n de bancarrota, sin importar su estatus migratorio. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que dicha declaracià ³n puede tener efectos migratorios negativos, especialmente a partir del 15 de octubre de 2019, con la entrada en vigor de las nuevas reglas sobre carga pà ºblica. Con anterioridad al 15 de octubre de 2019, solo en casos infrecuentes una declaracià ³n de bancarrota podà ­a perjudicar a un migrante en su estatus migratorio. Por ejemplo, en los casos de bancarrota fraudulenta o cuando tenà ­a su origen en un gasto de lujo y que revelaba la falta de buen carà ¡cter moral, el cual es un requisito para la tarjeta de residencia permanente o la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. Sin embargo, la situacià ³n cambia a partir del 15 de octubre de 2019. En el nuevo formulario I-944 Declaracià ³n de Autosuficiencia se pregunta por cuestiones como bancarrota declarada en EE.UU. o en otro paà ­s e historia crediticia de los solicitantes de ciertos beneficios migratorios. En base a ese formulario, el oficial de migracià ³n podrà ¡ determinar si aprueba o rechaza solicitudes migratorias como ajuste de estatus o extensiones de visas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twains Social...

Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a book about a boy who travels down the river with a runaway slave. Twain uses these two characters to poke fun at society. They go through many trials, tribulations, and tests of their friendship and loyalty. Huck Finn, the protagonist, uses his instinct to get himself and his slave friend Jim through many a pickle. In the book, there are examples of civilized, primitive, and natural man. Civilized man is shown in the book. The widows are a good example. They do everything proper and go to church regularly. They also try to civilize Huck, but he doesnt want any part of it. The widows treat their slaves well, showing class. The judge is also civilized. From the eyes of common decency, his decision†¦show more content†¦There is also natural man in the book. There are good examples of natural behavior in the book. Huck used instinct a lot. He almost turned Jim in because society told him runaway slaves are criminals, but his natural instinct saw Jim as a friend who needed help. Jim then did the same when he had a difficult choice to make. He could either book it to Cairo, or take Huck to a doctor. He too saw a friend in need and helped Huck out. Again, Twain uses satire to prove a point. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn appears to be nothing more than a simple, uneducated boy who goes on crazy adventures. At the end of the book, however, you can see that he uses his natural instinct to help him out. Although society has told him that slaves are nothing more than objects, he comes to know and treat Jim as a friend and person. He had numerous opportunities to turn him in, but didnt. In contrast, the seemingly civilized people turn out to be the ones who let society tell them whats right and whats wrong, instead of going with their heart like Huck did. In the book, civilized, primitive, and natural man are all on display. Mark Twain wanted to show all three of these personality types, because everyone can relate to all of them. When I first read the book, or some of theShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn s Social Commentary On Slavery1368 Words   |  6 PagesMark Twain’s Social Commentary on Slavery in Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain over seven years, is considered one of the best American masterpieces ever published, and a very socially active novel. Through the plot and development of the main characters, Twain discussed the paradox of slavery in a free country, as well as his abolitionist beliefs on slavery. 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At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreHuck Finn1257 Words   |  6 PagesHuck Finn Essay: Twain and Social Criticism Feuds, Frauds, and Fools: Huck Finn and Twains Critique of the Human Race Mark Twain’s famous realist novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a masterpiece of social criticism and analysis. The author skillfully depicts a variety of human failings and foibles, personified in the characters of everyday people and groups. Twain appears to be satirizing and criticizing the old South, but underneath his humorous portrait of Southern social issuesRead MoreHow Mark Twain Influenced American Literature1641 Words   |  7 PagesHow Mark Twain Influenced American Literature When you think of the start of American Literature, what comes to your mind? Authors such as Walt Whitman, Ernest Hemmingway, Emily Dickinson, Charles Dickens, and Mark Twain stick out in our minds. They were the face of post-civil war and social realism poetry. Today we will take a closer look at Mark Twain, who was also known as the â€Å"Father† of American Literature. His work has survived more than 100 years after his death. Mark Twain was born inRead MoreSatire : Satire And Satire1498 Words   |  6 Pagesstupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. It seems to be especially prevalent in the current climate of America, from South Park to the Onion one never has to go far to get entertaining commentary on the social or political happenings of the day. Satire is not a new literary device and satirical works have been documented in societies as ancient as the early Egyptian empire. It has made regular appearances in works of literature ever since. Despite

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Theory Of Recollection Essay Research Paper Plato free essay sample

Theory Of Recollection Essay, Research Paper Plato has had a Theory of Recollection to explicate our entree of cognition, that cognition is from within, and non obtained through experience. The Theory of Recollection refers to the thought that remembrance is like the psyche, where it is maintained and neer death, therefore it constitutes the religious facet of retrieving. All the cognition that one possesses is already within, one must excite themselves to convey this cognition about. Knowledge can non be gained from experience, it is inside of us, our psyches. Plato s theory of Recollection differs somewhat from the sacred Christian position of the Theory of remembrance. In many ways, Plato s ideas on Recollection are rather contradictory. In the MENO Plato demonstrates his Theory of Recollection between the chief characters Meno and Socrates. At first it is Socrates that references the thought of Recollection by replying meno that the psyche is immortal, and that before it entered it s eartly body the psyche understood all things. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory Of Recollection Essay Research Paper Plato or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now the psyche has forgotten these things and must fight to retrieve them. In the MENO Socrates helps back up his thought, by acquiring any slave male child and inquiring him a simple geometry inquiry. The male child eventually answered the inquiry, but he had no old schooling, therefore the cognition was from Recollection, and non learned. What appears to be larning is really remembering something that they already know. Although the slave male child s initial reply was incorrect, Socrates claimed that he had taught nil to the slave male child, and that the lone ground why he got it right the 2nd clip was because he helped him remember the reply. Remembrance in Christianity strays somewhat from Plato s Theory of Recollection. In Christianity, Recollection means attending to the presence of God in the psyche. Remembrance in Christianity besides includes the backdown of the head from external and earthly personal businesss in order to go to to god and divine things. For all want to achieve Christian flawlessness one must remember their ascetical devotedness and pattern, without it it is hard to do advancement in virtuousness. Plato s theory of remembrance has many contradictions. There are a twosome of things that Recollection has implausible replies from. What s his name? How much money you have? How old are you? These are all inquiries that are non supported by the thought of Recollection. In these inquiries it is rather evident that one could obtain the replies to those inquiries, by cognizing something one did non antecedently know. Today s society does non believe in much of the Theory of Recollection. It would be difficult to seek and happen a individual that believes in the Theory of Recollection. To most people it would sound pathetic, but during the clip of MENO people really believed in remembrance, the chief difference being the clip epoch where doctrine ruled their twenty-four hours, and whereas scientific discipline regulations ours.